DOCUMENTS 
DEPT. 


LABOR 


►ESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS 


WAYS 


PREPARED  FOR  THZ 

UNJTED  STATES  EMPLOYMEMT  SER¥SCE 
BY  THE 

UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  1.ASOR  STATBTICS 


V/ASHiNfiTON 


in  2007  with  funding  from 
IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS 


STREET  RAILWAYS 


PREPARED  FOR  THE 

UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE 

BY  THE 

UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS 


WASHINGTON 
1918 


•   •  •  •  • 


^s  la 


UUGUMhNn 
DEPT. 


INDEX 


A 

Air-brake  inspector.     (See  Inspector,  air  brake.)  ^*«^ 

Air-brake  man 3 


B 

Battery  man,  storage  battery 3 

C 

Cable  man,  chief,  underground  trolley  sjcstem 3 

Cable  man's  helper 3 

Cable  man,  underground  trolley  system 3 

Carpenter,  car 4 

Carpenter,  car,  f dreman 4 

Car  trimmer. :.....  4 

Conductor,  elevated  and  subway 4 

Conductor,  surface 5 

Crane  operator  (traveling  electric  crane) 5 

E 

Emergency  man's  helper ?*: 5 

Emergency  man,  trolley  wire  and  electrical  work 5 

Emergency  man,  wrecking  crew,  foreman 6 

Engineman,  chief,  power  house 6 

Engineman,  watch,  power  house 6 

F 

Fireman,  chief,  power  house 6 

Fireman's  helper 7 

Foreman,  car  barn 7 

Foreman,  car  carpenter.     (See  Carpenter,  car,  foreman.) 

Foreman,  concrete  crew ' 7 

Foreman,  conduit  cleaning  gang 8 

Foreman,    emergency    wrecking    crew.     (See    Emergency    man, 

wrecking  crew,  foreman.) 

Foreman,  excavating  crew  (including  rock  drilling  and  blasting) ...  8 

Foreman,  excavating  crew  (not  including  rock  drilling  and  blasting) .  8 

Foreman,  iron  crew 9 

Foreman,    lineman,    trolley    system.     (See    Lineman,^  foreman, 

trolley  system.) 
Foreman,  painter,  car  barn.     (See  Painter,  foreman,  car  bam.) 

Foreman,  suburban  track 9 

ra 


rv 
G 

Page 

Gateman,  elevated  and  subway r .  9 

Guard,  elevated  and  subway !  9 

I 

Inspector,  air  brake 10 

Inspector,  air-door  device , 10 

Inspector,  car 10 

Inspector,  car  body 10 

Inspector,  fare 10 

Inspector,  pit.     {See  Pit  inspector.) 

Inspector,  route,  surface 11 

Inspector,  station,  elevated  and  subway 11 

Inspector,  street  car  motor 11 

Inspector,  wheel.     (See  Wheel  inspector.) 

L 

Laborer,  general,  power  house 11 

Laborer,  general,  shop 12 

Laborer,  track  and  line 12 

Lineman,  chief 12 

Lineman,  foreman,  trolley  system 12 

Lineman,  helper,  trolley  system 13 

Lineman,  trolley  system 13 

M    ^ 

Motor  and  truck  repairer's  helper.     (See  Repair  man,   helper, 
motor  and  truck.) 

Motor  instructor,  elevated  and  subway 13 

Motorman,  elevated  and  subway 13 

Motorman,  surface 14 

O 

Oiler,  power  house 14 

P 

Painter,  car  body 14 

Painter,  foreman,  car  barn 14 

Painter,  general 14 

Painter,  letterer  and  striper 15 

Painter,  rough 15 

Painter,  sign 15 

Painter,  sign  letterer 15 

Painter,  structural  steel  and  bridge  work 16 

Pit  inspector 16 

Pitman -. 16 

Platform  man,  elevated  and  subway .; 16 

Plow  repairer,  underground  trolley *. 17 

Porter,  station.     {See  Station  porter,  elevated  and  subway.) 


R  Page 

Repair  man,  air  compressor 17 

Repair  man  and  inspector,  street  car  controller 17 

Repair  man,  car  barn 17 

Repair  man,  helper,  motor  and  truck 17 

Repair  man,  interlocking  and  signal  service 18 

Repair  man,  motor  and  truck 18 

Repair  man,  plow.     {See  Plow  repairer,  underground  trolley.) 

Repair  man,  power  house 18 

Repair  man,  street  car  fender 18 

Repair  man,  street  car  wiring 19 

Road  master 19 

S 

Section  man 19 

Special  officer,  elevated  and  subway 19 

Station  agent,  elevated  and  subway. 20 

Station  master,  elevated  and  subway 20 

Station  porter,  elevated  and  subway ^ .  20 

Switchman 20 

T 

Ticket  chopper.     (See  Gateman,  elevated  and  subway.) 

Timekeeper,  track  and  line 20 

Towerman 21 

Track  walker 21 

Train  clerk,  elevated  and  subway 21 

Train  dispatcher,  elevated  and  subway .  21 

Train  master,  elevated  and  subway 22 

Train  starter,  elevated  and  subway 22 

Trouble  dispatcher 22 

W 

Wheel  inspector 23 


CODETWORDS 


CODE  WORD 


Aim 

B^te. . . 

Cabber . 

Caddis . , 

Cadent . 

Camper 

Campife 

Canary . 

Cancel.. 

Candid . 

Chess . . . 

Etch... 

Ether.. 

Evict... 

Evoke. . 

Exist... 

First... 

Fish.... 

Foggy.. 

Foil.... 

Fold... 

Folk.... 

Folly... 

Fond... 

Foray. . 

Gloom.. 

Gloss . . . 

Inure . . . 


PAGE 


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3 
3 
3 
8 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
6 
6 
5 
5 
6 
6 

.7 
7 
7 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 
9 
9 

10 


CODE  WORD 


Iota... 
Irate . . 
Irid... 
Irony . , 
Issue. . 
Item . . 
Ivory . , 
Ledge . 
Leer . . . 
Lemon 
Libel.. 
Like.  . 
Lilac . . 
Limp . . 
Mixed . 
Moat.. 
Mob.. 
Onion . 
Pelt... 
Pen... 
Pence . 
Pole... 
Pose . . 
Prate . . 
Prism . 
Prize . . 
Probe . 
Prod.. 


PAGE 


10 

10 
10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
16 
14 
14 
14 
15 
15 
16 
16 


CODE  WORD 


PAGE 


Prone . 

Prong . 

Ready . 

Repel . 

Reply. 

Revel. 

Rice . . , 

Ride.. 

Rider . 

Rifle.. 

Rift... 

Rig. .  . 

Spur . . 

Spurn . 

SpurT; . 

Spy... 

Stab.. 

Stack . 

Trot.. 

Trout. 

Troy.. 

Truce . 

Truck. 

True.. 

Truly. 

Trunk, 

Whiff. 


16 
17 
18 
17 
18 
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VI 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS:    STREET  RAILWAYS 

PREPARED  FOR  THE  U.  S.  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE   BY  THE 
U.  S.  BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS 

INTRODUCTORY  STATEMENT 

These  descriptions  of  occupations  are  based  on  investigations,  in- 
cluding private  interviews  and  correspondence,  extending  over  prac- 
tically the  entire  United  States. 
'The  outstanding  fact  developed  by  these  investigations  is  that 
there  are  few  standard  or  generally  accepted  occupational  names  or 
definitions.  It  has  been  necessary,  therefore,  for  the  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics  to  define  certain  occupational  terms  and  classifications  and 
to  assume  the  acceptance  of  these  definitions  by  those  using  the  de- 
scriptions. The  bureau  is  fully  aware  of  the  fact  that  some  impor- 
tant occupations  have  probably  been  omitted  and  that  in  some  cases 
subdi\asions  may  have  been  carried  too  far.  These  faults  can  be  cor- 
rected only  by  means  of  suggestions  and  criticisms  arising  from  the 
use  of  the  descriptions  in  filling  positions. 

The  users  of  these  descriptions  are  urged  to  send  to  the  Bureau  of 
Labor  Statistics  all  suggestions  and  criticisms  as  they  arise,  so  that 
eventually  there  may  be  developed  a  national  standard  of  occupational 
descriptions. 

Acknowledgment 

The  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  wishes  to  thank  all  those  who  have 
contributed  to  the  compilation  of  these  (J^scriptions.  So  many  in- 
dividuals and  representatives  of  various  organizations  have  been 
consulted  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  special  mention  of  such  services. 


(1; 


~~    PREFATORY  STATEMENT 

IMPORTANT 

The  objects  of  these  descriptions  are  to  furnish  definitions  of  the  various  occu- 
pations, so  that  specifications  for  help  may  be  made  uniform,  and  to  furnish  a  means 
by  which  the  prospective  employee  may  be  informed  as  to  the  nature  of  the  work 
he  will  be  expected  to  do. 

Each  occupation  has  been  described  under  the  most  generally  accepted  title. 
The  descriptions  have  been  carefully  prepared  with  the  view  of  stating  clearly  and 
briefly  what  each  occupation  requires  in  the  way  of  performance  and  qualifications, 
so  that  a  foreman  or  employment  manager  can  readily  specify  the  help  wanted  and 
can  pick  the  worker  best  fitted  to  fill  the  position. 

Without  such  standard  definitions  advertisements  and  appeals  from  the  various 
Government  departments  or  from  a  central  employment  agency  would  lose  their 
effectiveness,  especially  when  the  recruiting  is  Nation  wide. 

The  statement  of  actual  requirements  imder  the  heading  of  "schooling"  does 
not  have  reference  to  those  already  working,  but  should  be  interpreted  to  mean  that 
no  one  should  enter  the  specified  position  at  the  present  time  without  having  the 
equivalent  of  the  stated  schooling.  "Common  school"  signifies  the  completion  of 
the  common  school  course. 

Directions  for  using  descriptions  and  code  words 

INDEX:    JfL  order  to  find  any  given  occupational  description  use  the  index. 

CODE  WORDS:  Each  description  has  a  code  word  which,  when  communi- 
cated to  any  person  who  has  access  to  these  descriptions  of  occupations  will  enable 
him  to  ascertain  exactly  what  is  called  for  by  referring  to  the  description  indicated 
by  the  code  word.     (See  Code  words.) 

If  an  employee  is  wanted  who  has  training  sufficient  to  do  work  in  any  two  or 
more  occupations  described,  the  code  words  of  these  descriptions  should  be  com- 
bined to  indicate  the  combination  of  qualifications;  for  example:  The  code  word 
designating  a  Carpenter,  car,  and  a  Car  trimmer  (see  page  4),  woiild  be  Camper- 
Canary. 


(2) 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS 

AIR-BRAKE  INSPECTOR.    {See  Inspector,  air  brake.) 

AIR-BRAKE  MAN  AIM 

Description:     The  air-brake  man  cleans,  adjusts  and  repairs  the  various  parts 

of  an  air-brake  equipment. 
Qualifications :  He  should  be  a  machine  fitter  who  has  specialized  on  air-brake 
work.  He  must  be  able  to  take  out,  repair,  and  replace  any  part  of  an  air- 
brake system.  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  mechanical  operation  of 
the  air  compressor,  valves,  compressing  motor,  and  operating  devices.  He 
should  have  had  experience  as  a  helper  to  an  air-brake  man  and  should  have 
had  considerable  experience  as  a  joiu*neyman  air-brake  man. 
Schooling:    Common  school. 

BATTERY  MAN,  STORAGE  BATTERY  BATE 

Description:     The  battery  man  recharges  the  batteries  in  the  storage  battery 

cars.     He  also  inspects,  renews  and  repairs  storage  battery  parts. 
Qualifications :     He  should  be  f amiUar  with  the  methods  of  recharging  batteries 

and  should  have  had  sufficient  experience  to  know  when  plates,  poles  and 

chemicals  require  renewal. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

CABLE  MAN,  CHIEF,  UNDERGROUND  TROLLEY  SYSTEM  CABBER 

Description:  The  chief  cable  man  directs  and  supervises  the  operations  of 
cable  men  and  helpers  in  looking  after  feeder  connections,  conductor  bar 
flared  ends,  and  pick  ups  at  switches  on  the  underground  system.  He  in- 
structs inexperienced  helpers  and  makes  a  report  of  all  the  work  done. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  as  a  cable  man  and  be  able 
to  cut  cables,  make  up  jumpers,  drill  holes  in  the  conductor  bars  and  bolt 
on  the  jumpers,  connect  feeders  to  the  conductor  bars,  wipe  lead  cable 
joints,  and  take  care  of  conductor  bar  flared  ends.  He  must  be  physically 
strong  and  accustomed  to  work  outdoors  in  all  kinds  of  weather.  He 
must  be  able  to  direct  and  instruct  his  men  and  to  keep  accurate  records. 
Schooling:    Preferably  high  school,  with  some  technical  training. 

CABLE  MAN'S  HELPER  CADDIS 

Description:    The  cable  man's  helper  assists  the  cable  man  in  the  installation, 

maintenance,  and  repair  of  feeders,  jumpers  and  all  other  cable  work. 
Qualifications:    He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance,  and  should 
have  a  desire  to  learn  the  work  of  a  cable  man. 

Schooling:    Common  school. 

t 

CABLE  MAN,  UNDERGROUND  TROLLEY  SYSTEM  CADENT 

Description:     The  cable  man  installs,  maintains,  and  repairs  feeders,  feeder 

connections,  jumpers  and  jumper  connections,  conductor  bar  flared  ends, 

and  all  other  cable  work  on  the  underground  conduit  system,  and  inspects 

the  equipment  that  comes  within  his  territory, 

(3) 


Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  work  to  drawings,  understand  line  dia- 
grams, and  be  familiar  with  underground  trolley  system  specifications.  He 
must  be  able  to  cut  cables,  splice  cables,  put  in  jumpers,  connect  in  feeders 
and  conductor  bars,  wipe  lead  joints,  and  must  be  qualified  to  make  a  final 
cable  inspection  and  report.  He  should  have  worked  as  a  helper,  should 
have  had  considerable  experience  as  a  journeyman,  and  should  be  able  to 
handle  men. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

CARPENTER,  CAR  CAMPER 

Description:     The  car  carpenter  constructs  and  repairs  wooden  parts  of  car 

bodies  and  trimmings. 
Qualifications:  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  general  carpenter  in  a 
railroad  car  shop  or  car  building  plant.  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings, 
lay  out  and  build  wooden  frames,  make  and  place  doors,  lay  floors,  and  put 
on  roofs,  sides  and  ends  of  either  wooden  or  steel  frame  cars.  He  must  be  a 
thoroughly  capable  general  carpenter,  skilled  in  the  use  of  all  tools  and  having 
some  experience  with  wood  working  machinery. 
Schooling:     Common  school  or  better. 

CARPENTER,  CAR,  FOREMAN  CAMPUS 

Description :  This  foreman  has  charge  of  all  woodwork  construction  and  repair. 
He  directs  and  supervises  the  work  of  all  the  carpenters  under  him,  and 
himseK  assists  and  does  difficult  work.  He  manages  his  branch  of  the  shop, 
is  responsible  for  the  equipment,  and  looks  after  the  material  and  suppUes. 
He  has  charge  of  the  work  of  the  upholsterers  and  trimmers,  and  of  the 
galvanizing  work.  He  keeps  a  record  of  all  the  work  done  in  his  shop,  and 
makes  a  daily  time  report  for  his  men. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  an  experienced  body  builder  and  general  carpenter, 
skilled  in  handhng  all  carpenter's  tools  and  in  operating  planer,  lathe,  band 
saw,  circular  saw,  joiner,  and  steam  shaping  apparatus.  He  should  under- 
stand thoroughly  all  the  wooden  construction  of  a  car,  such  as  steps,  windows, 
body,  paneUng  and  wooden  controller  box.  He  must  be  able  to  work  to 
drawings  and  to  direct  the  work  of  the  men  under  him.  He  should  have 
worked  as  a  car  repair  man. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

CAR  TRIMMER  CANARY 

Description:  The  car  trimmer  does  car  repair  work  under  the  direction  of  the 
carpenter  foreman.  He  upholsters  seats,  repairs  old  curtains  and  installs 
new  ones,  places  new  canvas  roof  covering,  and  constructs  illuminated  signs. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  experienced  either  as  a  car  trimmer  or  as  a  carriage 
trimmer,  and  must  understand  upholstering,  window  curtains,  and  canvas 
covering.  He  should  have  skill  in  the  use  of  the  general  carpenter's  hand 
tools.  He  should  have  had  the  equivalent  of  an  apprenticeship  and  should 
have  done  some  work  as  a  journeyman. 

Schooling:    Common  school. 

CONDUCTOR,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  CANCEL 

Description:  The  conductor  has  charge  of  a  train  and  is  responsible  for  the 
safety,  proper  care,  and  regularity  thereof,  and  for  the  conduct  of  the  guards. 
It  is  his  duty  to  see  that  all  rules  pertaining  to  trainmen,  passengers,  emer- 
gencies, ventilation,  heating,  fighting,  and  signals  are  observed;  that  the 
train  is  kept  on  schedule  time;  that  proper  stops  are  made  at  all  stations. 


5 

He  makes  full  reports  to  the  superintendent,  in. writing,  of  all  accidents, 
detentions^  and  unusual  occurrences,  and  of  diflBculties  with  passengers;  also 
makes  a  daily  report  for  the  train  clerk.  The  conductor  is  usually  stationed 
between  the  first  and  second  cars  of  the  train  where  he  performs  the  duties 
of  guard  and  signals  the  motorman  when  to  start. 

Qualifications:  Experience  as  guard  is  a  prerequisite.  He  must  be  able  to 
pass  a  thorough  physical  examination,  to  endure  exposure  to  all  weather  or 
to  the  atmosphere  of  the  subway,  and  to  remain  standing  for  long  periods. 
It  is  also  essential  that  he  be  courteous,  tactful,  careful,  and  qualified  to  come 

■  in  contact  with  all  kinds  of  people.  ,  He  must  be  able  to  speak  English  and 
to  enunciate  distinctly. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CONDUCTOR,  SURFACE  CANDID 

Description:  The  surface  car  conductor  has  charge  of  the  car,  and  signals  the 
motorman  when  to  start  and  stop.  He  collects  fares,  issues  transfers,  and 
assists  and  safeguards  passengers.  On  some  types  of  car,  he  opens  and  closes 
the  door.  On  lines  which  use  the  overhead  trolley,  he  shifts  the  trolley 
pole  when  the  car  reverses,  and  puts  it  back  on  the  wire  when  it  sUps  off. 
He  makes  a  report  of  fares,  transfers,  trips,  accidents,  and  delays. 

Qualifications :   He  must  be  physically  strong  and  able  to  remain  standing  for , 
long  periods.     He  should  be  courteous,  tactful,  quahfied  to  come  into  con- 
•    tact  with  all  kinds  of  people,  and  sufficiently  responsible  to  handle  money. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CRANE  OPERATOR  (Traveling  electric  crane)  CHESS 

Description :  The  duties  of  the  travehng  electric  crane  operator  are  to  manipu- 
late controlling  devices  of  an  electric  crane  in  the  lifting  and  sliifting  of 
material. 
Qualifications:  The  traveling  electric  crane  operator  must  be  able  to  handle 
the  lifting  devices  on  the  crane  and  make  single  or  double  Hfts  under  the 
direction  of  the  crane  man.  In  addition  he  must  know  how  to  oil  the 
machinery  of  the  crane  and  be  famiHar  enough  with  all  the  working  parts 
to  make  reports  when  they  are  not  working  right.  He  must  be  t|ioroughly 
familiar  with  all  the  signals  used  by  the  crane  man.  He  must  be  physically 
fit  and  alert  and  must  pass  an  examination  for  eyesight,  color  sight,  and 
hearing  and  be  able  to  think  and  act  quickly. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

EMERGENCY  MAN'S  HELPER  EVICT 

Description:  The  emergency  man's  helper  does  general  work  in  the  assistance 
of  the  emergency  men,  for  which  position  he  is  in  training. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance  and  a  desire 
to  learn  the  work  of  an  emergency  man. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

EMERGENCY  MAN,  TROLLEY  WIRE  AND  IELECTRICAL  WORK       EVOKE 

Description:  ITie  duties  of  the  emergency  man  on  trolley  wire  and  electrical 
work  are  to  do  either  permanent  or  temporary  repair  work  that  might  be 
required  to  keep  the  car  service  going. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  high-tension  wireman,  must  be  thoroughly 
famiHar  mth  the  hanging  and  guying  of  trolley  wires,  and  must  thoroughly 
understand  the  feeder  and  booster  system.  He  must  understand  the  methods 
of  sphcing  trolley  wires,  be  thoroughly  familar  with  tackle  and  clamps  used 
in  stretching  trolley  wires,  and  should  have  a  good  general  knowledge  of 


6 

electrical  measurements.     He  should  have  done  suflficient  work  on  high- 
tension  work  to  have  become  familiar  -svith  the  danger  with  high-tension 
circuits. 
Schooling:  Common  school 

EMERGENCY  MAN,  WRECKING  CREW,  FOREMAN  EXIST 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  of  an  emergency  wrecking  crew  are 
to  take  charge  of  the  wrecking  car  outfit  and  clear  all  kinds  of  track  obstruc- 
tions that  require  the  services  of  a  special  outfit.  -* 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the  work  of  boom  cranes  or  other 
type  of  wrecking  cranes,  must  direct  the  running  of  the  repair  car,  must  be 
able  to  read  drawings  and  work  to  mechanical  specifications,  and  must  be 
thoroughly  famihar  with  jacks,  cranes  and  other  lifting  devices.  He  must 
be  able  to  clear  a  wreck  completely  and  report  to  the  proper  department 
the  time  and  material  used  in  making  the  repair. 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school  or  technical  school. 

ENGINEMAN,  CHIEF,  POWER  HOUSE  ETCH 

Description:  The  chief  engineman  has  charge  of  the  power  plant  and  all  men 
working  there.  He  supervises  the  operation  of  turbine  generators,  exciters, 
converters,  condensers,  pumps,  and  boilers.  He  keeps  charts  and  records 
of  the  operation  of  each  separate  engine,  the  coal  used,  the  total  load  carried 
on  all  feeding  Unes,  th(;  kilowatt  hours,  and  the  voltage.  He  supervises  all 
repairing,  construction,  testing,  and  cleaning,  and  directs  the  transfer  of  coal 
from  barges  or  cars  to  the  bins,  and  the  removal  of  ashes. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  first-class  license,  granted  upon  examination. 
His  knowledge  and  experience  must  cover  all  the  equipment  in  the  plant — 
turbine  generators,  boilers,  pumps,  converters,  exciters,  condensers,  con- 
veyors, switchboards,  storage  batteries,  feed  wires  and  indicators  of  all  kinds  r 
their  operation,  maintenance,  and  repair.  He  must  be  a  good  mathema- 
tician and  be  able  to  read  drawings  and  to  keep  charts  and  graphs.  The 
position  also  requires  that  he  have  the  ability  to  select  and  to  deal  with  and 
handle  the  men  under  him. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  technical  school  or  its  equivalent. 

ENGINEMAN,  WATCH,  POWER  HOUSE  ETHER 

Description:  The  watch  engineman  is  in  direct  charge  of  turbine  generators, 
condensers,  pumps,  exciters,  converters,  and  boilers  during  the  period  of 
his  watch,  usually  eight  hours.  He  takes  readings  from  the  indicators  of  the 
engines  and  watches  the  load  carried  and  the  coal  supply.  The  work  of 
the  switchlioard  operator,  oilers>  and  firemen  is  under  his  supervision.  He 
assists  in  and  directs  repairing  and  testing  of  the  engines,  and  looks  out  for 
the  safety  of  the  men. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  Hcensed  engineman.  He  must  be  able  to  keep 
accurate  records  and  to  supervise  the  work  of,  and  instruct,  the  men  imder  him. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  technical  school  or  its  equivalent. 

FIREMAN,  CHIEF,  POWER  HOUSE  FIRST 

Description:  The  chief  fireman  has  immediate  charge  of  the  boiler  room  and 
his  helpers.  He  sees  that  all  the  fires  are  properly  tended,  that  the  grates 
are  free  from  clinkers,  and  also  that  the  required  steam  is  maintained.  He 
operates  and  regulates  water  pumps;  operates  the  automatic  cofU  feeds  and 
the  agitators;  assists  in  the  periodic  testing  of  the  boilers;  and  cleans  boiler 
tubes  with  compressed  air  or  steam. 


Qualifications  :^He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance  and  must  under- 
stand the  maintenance  of  a  good  fire  with  the  economic  use  of  coal.  He 
should  beablc  tojuse  a  slice  bar  and  a  peel  bar,  and  should  have  had  a  thor- 
ough experience  with  boilers  and  fixes.  He  must  j)e_qualified  to  direct  and 
instruct  his  helpera!  |  *      ~  *" 

Schooling:  Common  school  desirable. 

FIREMAN'S  HELPER  FISH 

Description:  The  fireman's  helper  keeps  the  fires  in  order  under  the  direction 
of  the  head  fireman.  He  operates  the  automatic  coal  feeders  and  the  agi- 
tators. He  assists  in  testing  boilers  and  in  blowing  out  boiler  tubes  with 
comprassed  air  and  steam. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  strong,  steady  worker.  Should  have  had  experi- 
ence in  a  large  boiler  plant. 

FOREMAN,  CAR  BARN  FOGGY 

Description:  The  car  barn  foreman,  with  the  assistance  of  helpers,  does  repair 
work  to  cars  that  do  not  require  machine  shop  e(i[uipment.  He  keeps  records 
of  all  the  cars  which  come  into  the  barn  for  repair  or  cleaning  and  of  the  work 
done  on  them.  He  also  'i)repares  the  daily  time  report  of  the  workers  under 
him.  He  directs  the  work  of  the  car  shifters  and  car  cleaners.  His  repair 
work  includes  electrical  .as  well  as  mechanical  cars. 

Qualifications:  He  must  understand  all  car  construction  and  equipment — 
motor,  <Jontroller,  brakes,  wires,  plow,  truck,  and  all  inside  car  equipment. 
He  must  be  able  to  repair,  or  to  direct  such  repairing  of  parts  as  may  be  done 
with  barn  equipment.  In  order  to  direct  car  cleaning,  he  must  be  familiar 
with  the  work  and  mth  the  preparation  of  cleaning  solutions.  He  should 
have  worked  as  car  barn  repair  man  and  as  assistant  foreman  and  should  have 
done  some  work  as  foreman. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

FOREMAN,  CAR  CARPENTER.     {See  Carpenter,  car,  foreman.) 

FOREMAN,  CONCRETE  CREW  FOIL 

Description:  The  concrete  foreman  directs  and  supervises  the  work  of  the 
concrete  gang.  With  these  men  he  mixes,  places  and  trims  all  concrete, 
both  machine  and  hand  mixed.  In  track  work  involving  an  underground 
conduit,  they  set  forms  for  the  conduit  and  supporting  structure,  and  remove 
them  when  the  concrete  has  set.  He  reports  to,  and  receives  instructions 
from,  the  roadmaster  on  all  his  work.  He  employs  men  as  directed,  main- 
tains discipline,  and  sees  that  they  perform  their  work  properly.  When  he 
can  do  so  without  neglecting  the  supervision  of  the  work,  he  works  with  his 
men.  He  is  held  responsible  for  the  proper  care  and  economical  use  of  all 
tools,  materials  and  supplies  entrusted  to  his  charge,  and  must  account  upon 
prescribed  forms  for  the  use  thereof. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  general  knowledge  of  track  construction,  an 
must  understand  and  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  concrete  and  form 
work.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  kinds  and  grades  of  cement  and  all 
other  materials  used.  He  must  know  the  proper  proportion  of  the  several 
ingredients  forming  concrete — ^sand,  gravel,  cement  and  water — and  he  must 
be  skilled  in  the  operation  of  the  mixing  machine,  in  mixing  by  hand,  and  in 
handling  all  the  tools  used.  He  must  be  able  to  handle  his  men,  to  direct  and 
instruct  them  in  all  their  work,  and  to  keep  accurately  aU  records  required 


s 


8 

as^to  the  time,  pay,  location  of  work  and  nature  of  work  done.  He  should 
have  physical  strength  and  endurance,  and  should  be  accustomed  to  working 
outdoors  in  all  kinds  of  weather. 

FOREMAN,  CONDUIT  CLEANING  GANG  FOLD 

Description:  The  conduit  cleaner  foreman  is  found  only  on  those  lines  which 
/  have  the  underground  conduit  system.  He  supervises  and  directs  the  work 
of  his  gang  of  laborers  in  removing  leaves,  dirt,  and  rubbish  from  the  con- 
crete conduit  in  which  the  conductor  bars  are  suspended.  The  cleaning  is 
done  by  means  of  hand  scrapers,  the  material  being  scraped  to  track  manholes 
where  it  is  removed  by  means  of  a  hoe  or  scoop  of  special  design.  He  has 
supervision  over  the  wagons  and  trucks  that  haul  away  the  refuse.  He  also 
sees  that  drains  and  sewer  connections  are  kept  free  from  obstruction.  On 
all  his  work  he  reports  to,  and  receives  instructions  from,  the  roadmaster.  He 
employs  men  as  directed,  maintains  disciphne,  and  sees  that  they  perform 
their  work  properly.  When  he  can  do  so  without  neglecting  the  supervision 
of  his  work,  he  works  with  his  men. 

He  is  held  responsible  for  the  care  and  economical  use  of  all  tools,  material 
and  supplies  entrusted  to  his  charge,  and  must  accoimt  upon  prescribed  forms 
for  the  best  use  thereof.  , 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  cleaning  operations 
and  must  be  able  to  direct  his  men  to  work  without  danger  of  contact  with 
live  conductor  bars.  He  should  be  able  to  handle  his  men,  to  direct  and 
instruct  them  in  all  their  work,  aiyi  to  keep  accurately  all  required  records 
as  to  time,  pay,  location  of  work,  and  nature  of  work  done.  He  should  have 
physical  strength  and  endurance  and  should  be  accustomed  to  working  out 
of  doors  in  all  kinds  of  weather. 

FOREMAN,  EMERGENCY  WRECKING  CREW.     {See  Emergency  man,  wreck- 
ing crew,  foreman.) 

FOREMAN,  EXCAVATING  CREW 

Description:  The  excavating  gang  foreman  directs  and  supervises  the  work  of 
a  group  of  men  known  as  the  excavating  crew.  With  these  men  he  does  all 
the  excavating  necessary  for  the  construction  of  new  tracks  and  the  renewal 
and  repair  of  old  tracks.  The  work  may  involve  drilling,  blasting  and  breaking 
of  concrete,  as  well  as  shoveling.  He  reports  to,  and  receives  instructions 
from,  the  roadmaster  for  all  his  work.  He  employs  men  as  directed,  main- 
tains disciphne,  and  sees  that  they  perform  their  work  properly.  He  is  held 
responsible  for  the  proper  care  and  economical  use  of  all  materials,  tools,  and 
supphes  entrusted  to  his  charge,  and  must  account  for  same  upon  prescribed 
forms. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  excavation  work.  He 
must  be  skilled  in  the  operation  of  compressed  air,  steam  and  hand  drills,  and 
in  placing  and  setting  off  of  blasts.  He  must  be  able  to  handle  his  men,  to 
direct  and  instruct  them  in  all  their  work,  and  to  keep  accurately  all  the 
required  records  as  to  pay,  location  and  nature  of  the  work.  He  should  have 
physical  strength  and  endurance,  and  should  be  accustomed  to  working  out 
of  doors  in  all  kinds  of  weather. 

FOREMAN,  EXCAVATING  CREW  (Including  rock  drUling  and  FOLK 

blasting) 

FOREMAN,  EXCAVATING  CREW  (Not  including  rock  FOLLY 

drilling  and  blasting) 


9 

FOREMAN,  IRON  CREW  FOND 

Description:     The  iron  crew  foreman  directs  and  supervises  the  work  of  a  group 
of  men  known,  as  the  iron  crew     With  these  laborers  he  installs  and  repairs 
the  wheel  rails,  switches,  crossings  and  their  supporting  structure,  after  the 
excavating  has  been  done.     On  lines  using  an  underground  conduit,  he  in- 
,  stalls  and  maintains  slot  rails,  conductor  bars,  yokes  and  insulators.     He 

reports  to,  and  receives  instructions  from,  the  roadmaster  on  all  his  work.  He 
employs  men  as  directed,  maintains  discipUne,  and  sees  that  they  perform 
their  work  properly.  He  is  held  responsible  for  the  proper  care  and  economic 
use  of  all  tools,  materials  and  supplies  entrusted  to  his  charge,  and  must 
account  for  same  upon  forms  prescribed  for  this  purpose.  When  he  can  do 
so  without  neglecting  the  supervision  of  his  work,  he  works  with  his  men. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  installing  and  repairing 
any  of  the  iron  work,  and  must  understand  the  entire  track  construction 
thoroughly.  He  must  be  familiar  with  all  the  material  used  and  must  be 
skilled  in  handling  all  tools  necessary  for  his  work.  His  work  requires  that 
he  be  able  to  obtain  proper  surface  alignment  for  the  track,  gauge  accurately 
the  standard  width  between  the  wheel  rails  and  the  position  of  the  slot  rail, 
and  bend  the  rails  when  necessary  for  curves. "  He  must  be  able  to  handle 
his  men,  to  direct  and  instruct  them  in  their  work,  and  to  keep  all  required 
records.  He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance,  and  must  be  accus- 
tomed to  working  out  of  doors  in  all  kinds  of  weather. 

FOREMAN,  LINEMAN,  TROLLEY  SYSTEM.     {^See  Lineman,  foreman,  troUey 
system.) 

FOREMAN,  PAINTER,  CAR  BARN.     {See  Painter,  foreman,  car  bam.) 

.FOREMAN,  SUBURBAN  TRACK  FORAY 

Description:  The  suburban  track  foreman  superintends  a  track  gang  and  has 
a  limited  section  of  suburban  track  under  his  supervision.  He  sees  that  the 
track  is  kept  in  proper  surface  and  alignment,  renews  the  ties,  maintains 
the  proper  drainage,  ditching  and  fencing,  and  keeps  the  track  free  from 
weeds  or  snow  and  ice.  He  also  provides  for  the  maintenance,  oiling  and 
adjustment  of  switches  and  signal  lights. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  care  of  suburban 
track — roadbed,  ties,  drainage,  switches  and  signal  lights.  He  must  be  able 
to  instruct  and  direct  men  in  repairing  the  roadbed,  replacing  ties,  aligning 
the  track,  and  in  clearing  it  of  weeds,  leaves,  rubbish,  debris,  or  snow  and  ice. 
He  must  be  physically  strong  and  accustomed  to  outdoor  work. 

GATEMAN,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  GLOOM 

Description:  The  gateman  sees  that  no  one  passes  the  ticket  box  without  de- 
positing the  proper  ticket  or  showing  a  pass.  He  cancels  the  tickets  by 
manipulating  the  box  lever,  and  opens  and  closes  the  exit  gate,  which  he  con- 
trols by  means  of  a  rope. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  courteous,  careful,  and  qualified  to  come  into  con- 
tact with  the  general  public.  He  is  usually  rejquired  to  pass  a  physical 
examination.  Women  are  frequently  employed. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

GUARD,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  GLOSS 

Description:  The  guard  has  charge  of  one  car  of  the  train,  opens  and  closes 

the  gates  or  doors,  announces  stations,  and  gives  the  starting  signal  to  the 


10 

guard  or  the'conductor  of  the  car  immediately  ahead.  He  makes  full  reports 
to  the  superintendent,  in  writing,  of  all  accidents  or  difficulties  with  passengers. 

'    which  occur  in  his  car. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  pass  a  thorough  physical  examination,*^ 
to  endure  exposure  to  all  weather  or  to  the  atmosphere  of  the  subway;  and 
to  remain  standing  for  long  periods.  It  is  also  essential  that  he  be  courteous, 
tactful,  careful,  and  qualified  to  come  into  contact  with  all  kinds  of  people. 
He  must  be  able  to  speak  English  and  to  enunciate  distinctly. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  AIR  BRAKE  INURE 

Description:  It  is  the  duty  of  the  air  brake  inspector  to  examine  and  test  all 
air-brake  equipment,  to  make  minor  adjustments,  and  to  report  all  defects  to 
the  repair  department. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thorouglily  familiar  with  air  compressure,  valves 
and  valve  adjustments,  and  driving  motor  and  operating  lever  systems  of  the 
standard  types  of  street  car  air  brakes.  He  should  be  a  good  machine  fitter 
who  has  specialized  on- air  brake  w6rk.  He  should  have  worked  as  an  air 
brake  man  and  should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  a  machine  fitter. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  AIR-DOOR  DEVICE  IOTA 

Description:  He  inspects  the  pneumatic  apparatus  for  operating  doors.  He 
repairs  and  renews  the  defective  parts. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  machinist  or  as  a  pipe 
fitter,  and  should  be  famiUar  with  door  engines  and  the  other  mechanical 
apparatus  connected  with  the  operation  of  doors.  He  must  understand 
thoroughly  the  adjustment  of  the  engine  and  the  locating  and  remedying  of 
simple  defects. 

Schooling:  ^Common  school. 

mSPECTOR,  CAR  Jj"^    13^^  V  IRATE 

Description:   The  car  inspector  scrutinizes  carefully  the  entire  car  and  its 

equipment  to  see  that  everything  is  in  ^ood  repair  and  in  safe  operating 

condition. 
Qualifications :  He  should  have  had  long  experience  in  car  repair  shops  and  should 

understand  thoroughly  the  body  and  truck  construction,  and  the  electrical, 

mechanical,  and  electro-pneumatic  equipment. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  CAR  BODY  IRID 

Description:  The  car  body  inspector  conducts  a  complete  inspection  of  the 
exterior  car  body  and  of  the  interior — trims,  seats,  windows,  sash,  doors,  etc. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  ability  or  experience  as  a  car  builder  or  as  a  car 
carpenter  and  he  must  know  in  detail  all  the  car  body  equipment.  He  must 
be  in  good  physical  condition.  He  should  have  worked  on  the  car  con- 
.  gtruction  and  repair  crew.  _^  __^ 

Schooling:  ^Common  school.  "  "^ 

INSPECTOR,  FARE  IRONY 

Description:  The  fare  inspector  is  stationed  at  terminals  or  other  points  on  the 
route,  or  else  he  operates  with  no  definite  station.  He  boards  each  car  and 
checks  up  the  number  of  fares  that  have  been  registered. 


m:  riTSTwexacsafej'  s.  trjw^a* 


11 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  estimate  the  number  of  people  in  a  car  at 
a  brief  glance,  and  he  must  know  the  routes  and  passenger  conditions,  so  as 
to  be  able  to  approximate  the  normal  flux  of  passengers.  He  should  have 
had  experience  as  conductor  or  route  inspector  and  should  be  proficient  in 
mental  arithmetic.  • 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  PIT.     {See  Pit  inspector.) 

INSPECTOR,  ROUTE,  SURFACE  ISSUE 

Description:  The  route  inspector  is  stationed  on  streets  or  at  stops  to  see 
that  the  cars  start  and  operate  on  schedule.  In  case  of  line  blockades  and 
tie-ups,  he  reroutes  cars  to  avoid  delays  in  service. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  famiUar  with  all  car  routes  and  have  a  knowledge 
of  operating  conditions.  He  should  be  mentally  alert  and  capable,  as  well  as 
accustomed  to  working  out  doors  and  remaining  on  his  feet  for  long  periods. 
He  must  have  had  experience  as  a  conductor  or  motorman. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  STATION,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  ITEM 

Description:  The  station  inspector  has  charge  of  all  stations  and  station  em- 
ployees. He  personally  sees  that  stations  and  station  equipment  are  kept 
clean  and  in  efficient  operation;  and  he  maintains  discipline  among  the 
station  men  and  sees  that  all  regulations  are  complied  with.  He  makes  de- 
tailed reports  to  the  superintendent. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  had  long  experience  as  a  station  master  and  must 
know  all  station  regulations.  Furthermore,  he  must  have  executive  ability 
and  must  be  quahfied  to  accept  a  large  responsibility.  He  must  understand 
station  equipment  thoroughly. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

INSPECTOR,  STREET  CAR  MOTOR  IVORY 

Description:   The  motor  inspector  examines  and  tests  electric  street  car  motors. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  sufficient  experience  with  railway  motors  to 
enable  him  to  locate,  by  inspection  and  tests,  defects  in  parts  and  connections, 
including  brushes  and  brush  holders,  fields,  armatures,  and  conmiutators; 
to  determine  air  gap  clearances;  and  to  determine  wear  on  bearings.  He 
should  understand  the  general  electrical  principles  governing  the  operation 
of  motors.  He  should  have  worked  as  a  motor  repair  man  and  should  be 
able  to  stand  outside  work. 

Schooling:  Common  school  or  better. 

INSPECTOR,  WHEEL.     {See  Wheel  inspector.) 

LABORER,  GENERAL,  POWER  HOUSE  LEDGE 

Description:  The  general  laborer  in  the  power  house  may  be  called  upon  to 
do  any  ordinary  work  such  as  cleaning  and  assisting.  He  may  have  such 
•regular  work  as  the  operation  of  the  coal  crusher  and  the  bucket  conveyor 
for  transferring  coal  from  the  crusher  to  the  bin  or  for  removing  ashes  from 
the  pit  to  the  hopper.  He  also  assists  in  hauling  away  ashes. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance  and  be  willing 
to  work  under  the  {^bove  conditions. 


12 

LABORER,  GENERAL,  SHOP  LEER 

Description:  The  general  shop  laborer  does  whatever  work  is  assigned  to  him 
by  the  foreman  of  the  various  shop  departments.  He  carries  material  and 
parts  that  are  being  repaired  from  one  department  to  the  other.  He  also 
does  sweeping  and  cleaning. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  physical  strength  and  endurance.  It  is  de- 
sirable that  he  be  able  to  understand  and  speak  English. 

LABORER,  TRACK  AND  LINE  LEMON 

For  the  purpose  of  this  classification  the  following  are  grouped  under  the 
general  heading  of  LABORER,  TRACK  AND  LINE: 

Concrete  man  Laborer,  suburban  track 

Conduit  cleaner  Lamp  man 

Excavator  Paver 

l^agman  4  Pole  setter 

Greaser  Watchman 

Iron  man 

Description:  The  track  and  line  laborer  does  work  in  the  capacity  of  any  one 
of  the  above  types  of  men.  He  is  usually  assigned  to  a  gang  and  works 
under  the  direction  and  instruction  of  the  gang  foreman. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  physical  strength  and  endurance. 

~'^ 
LINEMAN,  CHIEF  LIBEL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  chief  lineman  on  an  electric  street  railway 
system  are  to  supervise  the  work  of  the  linemen  and  helpers  on  installation 
work  in  a  prescribed  district. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and  should  be  able  to 
make  a  layout  for  guy  wires  and  electric  wires,  including  trolley  feeders, 
crossovers  and  branch  connections.  He  must  understand  the  interference 
of  circuits  and  how  to  correct  them;  how  to  make  crossovers  of  electric  Unes 
and  thoroughfares  and  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  high-tension  insulation. 
He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  Uneman  and  as  a  foreman.  He  should 
have  had  considerable  experience  in  handling  men. 

Schooling:  Preferably  technical  school  graduate. 

LINEMAN,  FOREMAN,  TROLLEY  SYSTEM  LIKE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  lineman  are  to  supervise  the  installa- 
tion of  the  trolley  lines  from  the  setting  of  the  poles  to  the  final  service  in- 
spection. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and  hne  diagrams,  must 
be  thoroughly  familiar  with  trolley  Une  specifications,  and  must  be  able  to 
direct  the  setting  of  poles  so  as  to  stand  a  straight  or  side  pull.  He  must 
be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  placing  of  guy  wires,  both  for  poles  and 
for  sustaining  the  trolley  on  curves  and  at  switches,  crossovers,  and  branch 
Knes,  and  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  methods  of  attaching  the 
trolley  wire  to  the  sustaining  cables  and  with  the  method  of  insulating  same. 
He  must  be  able  to  make  splices  on  trolley  wire  and  to  make  the  final  service 
inspection  of  the  Hne.  He  should  have  worked  as  a  Uneman  on  an  extensive 
trolley  line  system  and  should  have  had  considerable  experience  in  directing 
the  work. 
Schooling:  High  school;  preferably  technical  training. 


13 

LINEMAN,  HELPER,  TROLLEY  SYSTEM  LILAC 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  lineman  helper  on  a  street  railway  trolley 
system  are  to  assist  the  Uneman  as  directed. 

Qtialifications :  He  should  be  physically  able  to  endure  outdoor  work;  should 
have  some  knowledge  of  electrical  measurements;  and  should  be  taught 
the  dangers  in  high-tension  circuits  when  they  are  allowed  to  become  grounded 
or  short-circuited  in  any  way.  He  should  be  willing  to  pursue  a  course  of 
study  in  electricity. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

LINEMAN,  TROLLEY  SYSTEM  LIMP 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  lineman  on  a  street  railway  trolley  line  are  to 
hang  trolley  wires,  cut  in  feeders,  and  do  all  work  necessary  to  make  the 
hne  ready  for  service. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  work  to  wire  diagrams  and  should  have  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  guying  and  hanging  trolley  wire,  making  turns, 
putting  in  junctions,  and  connecting  transformers,  Ughtning  arresters,  and 
feeders.  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  use  of  street  railway  line 
equipment;  must  be  able  to  do  chmbing  or  work  from  an  elevated  scaffold; 
must  do  trolley  spHcing  and  any  other  work  required  to  make  the  line  ready 
for  service.  He  should  have  worked  as  a  helper  and  should  have  had  con- 
siderable experience  as  at  journeyman. 
Schooling:  Conmion  school;  preferably  high  school. 

MOTOR  AND  TRUCK  REPAIRER'S  HELPER.     {See  Repair  man,  helper,  motor 
and  truck.) 

MOTOR  INSTRUCTOR,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  MIXED 

Description:  The  motor -instructor  trains  and  subsequently  examines  candi- 
dates for  the  position  of  motorman  or  of  switchman.  He  also  frequently 
inspects  the  work  of  motormen  by  riding  over  the  road  with  them.  He 
consults  'with  the  train  master  and  the  dispatcher  on  the  qualifications  of 
men  for  promotion  to  motormen  or  switchmen.  He  reports  the  results  of 
his  examinations  and  inspections  to  the  superintendent. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  long  and  thorough  experience  as  a  motorman 
in  order  that  he  may  understand  accurately  and  in  detail  the  mechanical, 
electrical,  and  electro-pneumatic  car  equipment.  He  must  be  an  expert 
in  the  economy  of  motive  and  brake  power.  It  is  essential  that  he  be  quali- 
fied to  instruct  and  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  High  school  or  equivalent. 

MOTORMAN,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  MOAT 

Description:  The  motorman  of  an  elevated  or  subway  train  operates  the  driv- 
ing and  brake  apparatus,  controlling  the  movement  of  the  train  over  the 
route  in  accordance  with  rules  and  signals. 
Qualifications:  Experience,  first  as  guard  and  then  as  switchman,  is  usually  a 
prerequisite.  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  operation  of  the  mechan- 
ical, electrical,  and  electro-pneumatic  equipment  of  the  train;  he  also  must 
know  accurately  all  interlocking,  bell,  whistle,  and  flag  signals,  and  all  rules 
governing  the  safe  movement  of  his  train.  His  preliminary  training  must 
include  time  in  the  instruction  car  and  on  the  road  with  the  train  master 
or  a  motor  instructor.  He  is  required  to  pass  a  rigid  physical  examination, 
and  an  oral  examination  before  road  ofl&cials. 
Schooling:  Common  school  or  better. 


14 

MOTORMAN,  SURFACE  MOB 

Description:  The  motorman  of  a  surface  oar  operates  the  driving  and  con- 
trolling apparatus  of  the  car,  starting  and  stopping  when  signalled. 

Qualiiications :  He  should  be  physically  strong  and  should  have  steady  nerves, 
courage,  endurance,  good  eyesight,  accurate  judgment  of  speed  and  distance, 
and  a  sense  of  responsibility.  Most  companies  conduct  a  school  in  which  they 
give  inexperienced  men  several  weeks'  training. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

OILER,  POWER  HOUSE  ONION 

Description:  The  oiler  does  cleaning,  oihng,  and  packing  on  turbine  gene- 
rators, exciters,  converters,  condensers,  and  pumps.  He  looks  after  hot 
bearings  and  frequently  operates  the  controlling  levers  on  the  engines,  under 
the  direction  of  the  watch  engineer.  He  assists  in  testing  and  repairing 
and  may  be  required  to  do  general  cleaning  in  the  power  house. 

Qualifications:   It  is  desirable  that  he  should  have  had  experience  as  an  oiler. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

PAINTER,  CAR  BODY  .  POSE 

Description:  The  car  body  painter  does  painting,  varnishing,  and  finishing 
on  interior  and  exterior  of  cars,  such  as  sides,  panelling,  roof,  window  frames, 
ceiling,  dashboard,  and  doors. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  skilled  as  a  carriage  or  body  painter  and  be  able 
to  paint,  varnish,  and  finish  all  car  body  parts.  His  work  must  be  neat, 
smooth,  and  even.  The  experienc(?  of  an  ordinary  painter  in  house  or  building 
work  is  insuflRcient. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

PAINTER,  FOREMAN,  CAR  BARN  PRATE 

Description:  The  painter  foreman  has  charge  of  the  paint  shop  and  the 
painters.  He  plans  the  work,  assigns  it  to  his  men,  and  sees  that  it  is  prop- 
erly executed.  He  makes  out  requisitions  for  material  and  supplies,  pre- 
pares a  record  of  all  the  work  done  in  his  shop,  and  also  prepares  a  daily 
time  report  for  his  men. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  qualified  by  his  skill  and  experience  in  body  painting 
to  direct  aU  car  body  painting,  varnishing,  rough  painting,  lettering  and 
striping.  He  should  be  able  to  plan  the  work  and  make  reports  and  should 
have  had  experience  in  handling  men.  His  experience  in  painting  must 
cover  body  painting;  experience  in  ordinary  painting  does  not  qualify  him 
for  body  work.  It  is  necessary  that  he  be  able  to  direct,  instruct,  and  correct 
the  men  under  him  in  all  their  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PAINTER,  GENERAL  POLE 

Kindred  Occupations:   Fresco  painter;  Large  sign  painter. 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  general  painter  are  general  painting  of  houses, 
buildings,  or  structures  of  any  character. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  an  experienced  practical  house  or  structural  painter, 
capable  of*  doing  any  general  work,  must  be  experienced  in  covering  large 
surfaces,  and  be  able  to  paint  canvas,  wood,  or  metal.  He  should  be  familiar 
with  cleaning  or  removing  paint  from  metal  or  wood  for  repainting.  He 
should  be  able  to  match  and  mix  paints*  to  proper  consistency  from  paste, 
have  a  knowledge  of  paint  solvents  and  thinners,  and  must  understand  iully 
the  care  of  brushes  and  be  a  good  rigger  and  scaffold  man.     He  should  have 


15 

a  knowledge  of  interior  brush  painting  and  the  use  of  cold-water  paints  or 
washes.     He  should  have  had  experience  as  house  painter,  bridge  painter, 
or  general  painter  on  building  contract  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PAINTER,  LETTERER  AND  STRIPER  PRISM 

Description:  The  letterer  and  striper  does  the  finest  and  most  careful  work  in 
car  body  painting.  He  outUnes  lettering,  numbering,  striping,  and  signs 
by  means  of  patterns  or  forms  and  fills  in.  He  also  assists  in  difficult  body 
painting,  varnishing,  and  finishing. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  qualified  by  experience  in  body  or  carriage  painting 
to  do  careful,  smooth,  neat  work,  and  he  must  understand  the  making  of 
patterns  and  the  filling  in  for  lettering  and  striping.  The  experience  of  an 
ordinary  painter  in  house  or  building  work  is  not  sufficient.      * 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

PAINTER,  ROUGH  PRIZE 

Description:  The  rough  painter  does  ordinary  painting  on  trucks,  fenders, 
wheel  guards,  rods,  and  other  metal  parts.  He  is  frequently  called  a  painter's 
helper,  as  his  work  is  training  for  the  position  of  body  painter. 

Qualifications :  The  position  does  not  require  previoas  training  or  a  knowledge 
of  painting.  He  must  be  willing  to  do  ordinary  painting  and  must  have  a 
steady  hand. 

PAINTER,  SIGN  PELT 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  sign  painter  are  any  class  of  sign  or  bulletin 
painting. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  experienced  in  painting  large  wall  signs,  bulle- 
tins or  banners,  and  skilled  in  design  make-up  and  painting  of  all  kinds 
of  outdoor  advertising  signs,  wall,  railway,  or  roadside  board  signs,  all  kinds 
of  bulletins,  scene  or  cut-out  signs,  campaign  banners,  painted  flags,  and 
hanging  signs,  where  large  areas  are  covered  or  scenes  depicted.  He  must 
be  able  to  paint  on  canvas  cloth,  sheet  metal,  or  board  sections,  and  able 
to  imitate  trees,  bushes,  or  landscapes.  He  must  also  be  able  to  enlarge 
from  sketches  or  color  design  paintings.  He  should  have  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  paint  mediums,  mixing  and  matching  colors,  and  the  use  and  care  of 
brushes  and  painters'  materials  and  apparatus,  and  be  able  to  estimate  on 
quantities.     He  should  have  knowledge  of  rigging  and  scaffolding  and  ability 

,    to  work  outdoors  under  unfavorable  conditions. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

PAINTER,  SIGN  LETTERER  PEN 

Kindred  Occupations:   Department  store  sign  and  card  letterer;  Office  building 

door  letterer;  Sign  painter. 
Description:    The   duties  of    the  sign  letter  painter  are  designing,  painting, 

or  lettering  all  sorts  of  small-sized  signs,  or  card  signs. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  all  pha.ses  of  artistic 
sign  work,  such  as  design,  make-up,  laying  out,  painting,  lettering,  striping, 
gilding,  graining,  and  varnishing.  He  must  be  expert  in  the  laying  out, 
proportioning,  blocking  in,  and  finishing  of  all  styles  of  letters,  and  in  free- 
hand letter  painting  of  small  card  signs,  bulletins,  and  notices.  He  must  bo 
skilled  in  gold-leaf  sign  work,  and  understand  mixing  of  paints  and  proper 
use  and  care  of  brushes. 


16 

PAINTER,  STRUCTURAL  STEEL  AND  BRIDGE  WORK  PENCE 

Description:  Tlie  duties  of  the  painter  on  structural  steel  and  bridge  work  are 
to  paint  or  cover  with  anj'^  antirust  coating  structural  steel  or  bridge  work 
in  the  process  of  erection. 
Qualifications:  He  should  know  how  to  prepare  metal  surfaces  for  the  re- 
ceiving of  paint;  should  be  familiar  with  paints  generally  used  on  struc- 
tural steel  and  bridge  work;  understand  the  care  and  use  of  all  t;ools  and 
paint  brushes;  should  be  able  to  judge  the  proper  consistency  of  paint  to  be 
used;  and  should  be  able  to  work  on  scaffolding  or  climb  upon  structural 
work.  He  should  have  had  experience  on  similar  work  or  on  a  bridge  con- 
struction crew  or  on  large  buildings. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PIT  INSPECTOR*  PROBE 

Description:  The  pit  inspector  visits  the  plow  pits  where  the  contact  is  changed 
from  the  underground  conduit  to  the  overhead  wire,  and  vice  versa.  He  sees 
that  the  equipment  is  in  operating  condition  and  inspects  the  actual  work  of 
the  pitman,  acting  as  instr\ictor  to  new  pitmen.  He  examines  periodically  the 
bottom  of  the  cars  as  they  pass  over  the  pit  to  see  that  the  plow  hangers  and 
leads  ate  in  proper  condition. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  as  a  pitman  and  be  quali- 
fied to  judge  the  proper  condition  of  the  swinging  conductor  bar,  circuit 
breaker,  signal  bell  and  lights,  and  also  the  rubber  gloves  used  by  pit  work- 
men when  working  on  high-tension  circuits. 

Schooling:    Common  school. 

PITMAN  PROD 

Description:  The  pitman  is  stationed  in  a  pit  under  the  track  at  a  point  where 
the  contact  changes  from  the  underground  conduit  to  the  overhead  wire,  or 
vice  versa.  After  he  has  removed  the  plow  and  put  the  leads  into  the  blocks 
under  the  car,  he  signals  the  conductor  with  a  bell  and  holds  the  automatic 
circuit  breaker  which  permits  the  current  to  pass  through  the  isolated  portion 
of  the  wire  over  the  pit.  In  the  reverse  ope;:ation,  after  the  trolley  pole  or 
poles  have  been  hauled  down,  he  places  the  plow  in  the  hangers,  connects  the 
leads,  holds  the  swinging  conductor  bar  in  place  against  the  plow,  gives  the 
signal  to  the  conductor,  and  holds  the  automatic  breaker  in  place  until  the 
car  has  left  the  isolated  portion  of  the  conductor  bar  at  the  pit.  It  is  his 
duty  to  keep  the  pit  clean  and  the  equipment  in  operating  condition. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  steady  and  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  opera- 
tions described  and  in  the  care  of  the  pit  and  its  equipment.  He  must  be 
able  to  make  the  change  quickly,  but  carefully,  so  as  to  avoid  delay  at  the  pit. 

Schooling:    Common  school. 

PLATFORM  MAN,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  PRONE 

Description:  The  platform  man  announces  the  destination' of  approaching 
trains  and  gives  passengers  desired  information  concerning  the  same.  He 
assists  the  passengers  in  getting  on  and  off  trains  and  prevents  undue  delay 
of  trains  at  the  station.  He  also  sees  that  the  gates  or  doors  are  properly 
closed  before  the  train  leaves  the  station.  , 

Qualifications:     He  must  be  courteous,  careful,  of  even  temper,  and  must  be 
able  to  deal  with  all  kinds  of  people  tactfully.     He  is  usually  required  to  pass 
a  physical  examination. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 


17 

PLOW  REPAIRER,  UNDERGROUND  TROLLEY  PRONG 

Description:  The  plow  repairer  constructs  new  plows  and  repairs  old  plows 
(the  means  of  contact  with  underground  conductor  bars) .  He  replaces  burnt- 
out  feeds;  renews  the  surrounding  insulating  material;  makes  repairs  to,  or 
replaces  the  insulated  spring  contacts  and  wood  or  metal  parts  of  the  frame, 
when  they  are  burnt  out  or  injured.  He  also  coats  the  plow  with  insulating 
paint. 

Qualifications:  It  is  desirable  that  he  be  experienced  in  the  construction  and 
repair  of  plows.     He  must  be  able  to  do  very  careful  insulating. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

PORTER,  STATION.     {See  Station  porter,  elevated  and  subway.) 

REPAIR  MAN,  AIR  COMPRESSOR  RICE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  air  compressor  repair  man  are  to  inspect  and 
repair  air  compressor  apparatus,  including  the  adjustment  of  valves,  taking 
out  and  replacing  of  parts,  and  the  adjustment  and  setting  of  bearings,  cyl- 
inders, and  pistons. 
Qualifications.  He  must  be  a  machine  fitter  who  has  specialized  on  air  com- 
pressor work.  He  must  be  able  to  take  down,  repair  and  reassemble  a  com- 
plete air  compressor  such  as  is  used  on  street  railway  cars.  He  should  have 
had  experience  equivalent  to  an.^ apprenticeship;  should  have  w^orked  as  a 
helper;  and  should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

REPAIR  MAN  AND  INSPECTOR,  STREET  CAR  CONTROLLER  RIDE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  repair  man  and  inspector  of  street  car  con- 
trollers are  to  inspect  and  repair  street  car  controllers  and  keep  them  in  good 
working  condition. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  the  mechanical  re- 
quirements of  a  street  car  controller.  He  must  be  able  to  take  out  and  replace 
parts,  repair  wiring,  put  in  fuses  and  make  contacts.  He  must  be  skilled  in 
the  use  of  wireman's  tools  and  must  be  able  to  make  any  tests  necessary  to 
locate  defects  in  the  apparatus.  He  should  have  worked  as  a  helper  and 
should  have  had  considerable  experience  as  a  journeyman. 

Schooling:     Common  school. 

REPAIR  MAN,  CAR  BARN  RIDER 

Description:  The  repair  man  in  a  car  barn  does  minor  repair  work  to  cars  under 
the  direction  of  the  barn  foreman.  He  does  repair  work  that  does  not  require 
machine  shop  equipment.  His  work  includes  all  mechanical  parts  of  the  car 
and  its  equipment. 
Qualifications:  Although  the  foreman  instructs  him  in  the  diflBcult  minor 
repairs,  he  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  car  construction  and  equip- 
ment (motors,  wires,  trucks,  brakes,  compressor  engine,  plow,  etc.).  He 
should  be  skilled  in  handling  the  ordinary  mechanic's  tools. 
Schooling:     Common  school. 

REPAIR  MAN,  HELPER,  MOTOR  AND  TRUCK  REPEL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  repair  man's  helper  on  street  railway  motors 
and  trucks  are  to  assist  the  repair  man  in  removing  car  bodies,  dismantling, 
repairing  and  reassembling  trucks  and  motors. 


18 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  physically  strong  and  should  have  a  desire  to 
become  a  journeyman  repair  man.  He  should  understand  the  general  prin- 
ciples of  motor  construction  and  have  some  knowledge  of  electrical  measure- 
ments and  insulation,  or  should  be  willing  to  pursue  a  course  of  study  along 
these  lines. 

Schooling:     Common  school;  preferably  trade  or  technical  school. 

REPAIR  MAN,  INTERLOCKING  AND  SIGNAL  SERVICE  REPLY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  interlocking  and  signal  repair  man  in  street 
railway  service  are  to  keep  switches,  mechanical  and  electrical  signals,  and 
interlocking  machines  in  repair,  properly  adjusted  and  greased. 
Qualifications :  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  signal  and  interlock- 
ing devices  and  should  be  l^thoroughly  famihar  with  electrically  operated 
switches  and  with  interlocking  devices  and  machines.  He  must  be  able  to 
take  out  and  replace  parts  and  keep  the  system  in  operating  order.  He 
should  have  worked  as  an  assistant  to  a  repair  man  and  should  have  done 
considerable  independent  work. 
Sdiooling:     Common  school. 

REPAIR  MAN,  MOTOR  AND  TRUCK  REVEL 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  motor  and  truck  repair  man  are  to  assist  in 
removing  the  bodies  from  the  trucks  by  means  of  hydrauhc  jacks,  to  dis- 
mantle and  repair  the  motors  and  trucks,  and  to  replace  the  same  in  proper 
condition  for  service. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  work.to  drawings;  must  be  thoroughly  famil- 
iar with  truck  and  motor  construction;  must  be  able  to  rebabbitt  boxes, 
hue  up  armature  shafts,  adjust  the  housings,  turn  down  commutators,  and 
place  the  motor  in  every  way  ready  for  service.  He  should  be  able  to  direct 
the  work  of  helpers  and  be  able  to  handle  hydrauhc,  electric,  and  hand  power 
cranes.  He  should  have  had  experience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship 
and  should  have  done  considerable  work  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:   Preferably  some  technical  training. 

REPAIR  MAN,  PLOW.     {See  Plow  repairer,  underground  trolley.) 

REPAIR  MAN,  POWER  HOUSE  READY 

Description:   The  power  house  repair  man  does  the  repair  work  on  boilers, 

condensers,  pumps,  and  piping.     Occasionally  he  is  required  to  repair  the 

automatic  stokers  and  to  do  brick  and  concrete  work. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  skilled  in  pipe  fitting,  steam  fitting,  and  pump 

and  boiler  work.    It  is  desirable  that  he  also  be  able  to  do  brick  and  concrete 

work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

REPAIR  MAN,  STREET  CAR  FENDER  RIFLE 

Description:  The  street  car  fender  repair  man  removes,  repairs,  and  replaces 

street  car  fenders. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  run  a  drill  press,  cut  and  bend  fender  parts, 
weave  in  cross  strips,  and  do  riveting.     He  should  have  worked  as  an  as- 
sistant car  fender-repair  man. 
Schooling:  Common  school* 


19 

REPAIR  MAN,  STREET  CAR  WIRING  RIFT 

Description:  The  repair  man  on  a  street  car  wiring  system  connects  in  and  re- 
pairs motors,  automatic  switches,  lighting  and  bell  circuits,  and  controller 
circuits. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  wireman  who  has  specialized  on 
street  car  wiring  and  must  be  familiar  with  fuse  boxes,  knock  out  switches, 
light  switches,  controller  and  rheostats  so  that  he  can  take  out  and  replace 
any  part  necessary  to  keep  the  electrical  appliances  in  good  working  condition. 
He  must  have  had  exi)erience  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  and  should  have 
served  some  time  as  a  journeyman. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

ROAD  MASTER  RIG 

Description:  The  road  master  has  charge  of  and  is  responsible  for  the  roadbed, 
track,  private  right  of  way,  and  station  grounds  on  his  subdivision.  He  lays 
out  and  assigns  the  work  for  each  foreman  under  his  jurisdiction,  sees  that 
they  are  supplied  with  material  and  tools  and  that  the  same  are  cared  for, 
economically  used,  and  accounted  for.  He  keeps  informed  on  the  conditions 
of  bridges  and  the  drainage  system.  He  sees  that  a  proper  record  is  kept  and 
return  made  of  time  and  rate  of  pay  and  of  the  location  and  kind  of  work 
performed.  He  reports  all_work  to  the  engineer,  maintenance  of  way. 
Qualifications :  The  road  master  is  a  graduate  of  an  engineering  school,  or  has 
had  long  experience  with  street  railway,  track  and  line  work.  He  not  only 
must  understand  every  detail  of  track  construction,  but  also  must  be  able  to 
plan  and  supervise  all  work  on  the  construction  of  new  track  and  on  the 
maintenance  and  repair  of  old  track.  He  must  be  able  to  order  suppUes  and 
maintain  a  working  organization.  He  must  be  qualified  to  keep  accurate 
records  of  all  track  work  that  is  done. 
Schooling:   High  school;  engineering  school  or  the  equivalent  training. 

SECTION  MAN  SPUR 

Description:  The  section  man  makes  a  general  inspection  of  city  track  and 
keeps  the  switch  mechanism  oiled  and  adjusted.  He  performs  some  minor 
track  repairs,  such  as  tightening  joints,  wedging  tight  slot,  or  filling  small 
holes  in  pavement.  Section  men  usually  travel  in  pairs.  They  report  any 
trouble  which  they  are  unable  to  remedy. 
Qualifications :   He  must  be  physically  fit  to  stand  all  kinds  of  weather. 

SPECIAL  OFFICER,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  SPURN 

Description :  The  special  oflBcer  is  deputized  by  the  local  police  authority  with  the 
power  to  arrest.  He  is  stationed  on  the  platform,  announces  the  destination 
of  approaching  trains,  and  assists  in  getting  passengers  on  and  off  trains. 
He  sees  that  the  gates  or  doors  are  properly  closed  before  the  train  leaves  and 
assists  in  preventing  undue  delay.  It  is  also  his  duty  to  prevent  or  check 
disorder  and  dangerous  crowding,  and,  if  necessary,  to  arrest  offenders. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  courteous,  careful,  and  of  even  temper;  and  he 
must  be  able  to  command  respect  and  to  deal  with  all  kinds  of  people  tactfully. 
He  must  pass  a  physical  examination,  and  should  be  a  man  of  physical 
strength  in  order  to  exercise  control  in  heavy  rush  hours.  He  must  also  be 
able  to  fulfill  the  requirements  of  the  local  police  authority. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 


20 

STATION  AGENT,  ELEVATED  AND  SXJBWAY  SPURT 

Description:  The  station  agent  occupies  a  booth  at  a  station  where  he  sells 
tickets  or  collects  and  rasters  the  fares  on  a  turnstile.  He  may  have  to 
take  charge  of  and  be  responsible  for  the  equipment,  and  for  the  work  of  the 
station  employees.  He  makes  out  daily  and  monthly  reports. 
Qualifications:  The  position  requires  a  man  of  responsibiUty,  accustomed  to 
haiiitiling  money.  He  must  be  able  to  make  change  quickly  and  accurately 
and  to  detect  counterfeit  and  defective  money.  He  must  be  courteous  in 
dealing  with  passengers  and  be  able  to  handle  station  men.  He  is  usually 
required  to  pass  a  physical  examination.  Women  are  frequently  employed. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

STATION  MASTER,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  SPY 

Description:  A  station  master  is  found  only  in  large  stations,  through  which  the 
traffic  is  exceptionally  great.  Subject  to  the  direction  of  the  station  in- 
spector, he  has  immediate  supervision  of  the  equipment  and  employees  at 
his  station. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  had  experience  as  agent  and  must  know  all 
station  regulations.  He  must  have  some  executive  ability  and  be  courteous 
and  tactful  in  deahng  with  passengers. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

STATION  PORTER,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  STAB 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  station  porter  are  to  keep  the  station,  stairways, 
platforms,  and  washrooms  clean  and  sanitary,  and  to  perform  such  other  work 
as  may  be  assigned. 
Qualifications:  Should  be  fairly  strong  and  should  be  able  to  stand  exposure 
to  all  weather  or  the  atmosphere  of  the  subway  tunnel.  Women  are  fre- 
quently employed. 

SWITCHMAN  STACK 

Description:  The  switchman  handles  cars  in  and  about  the  yards,  sidings, 
and  to  and  from  inspection  barns.  He  makes  up  trains,  couphng  and  cutting 
cars  according  to  the  number  required  for  the  trains.  The  work  of  a  switch- 
man is  training  for  the  position  of  mptorman. 
Qualifications:  Experience  as  guard  and  as  acting  switchman  is  necessary. 
He  should  have  had  training  in  the  instruction  car,  and  in  the  yards  with  a 
motor  instructor.  He  should  have  passed  an  examination,  and  should 
have  worked  as  an  acting  switchman.  He  must  also  be  able  to  pass  a  rigid 
physical  examination,  and  be  famiUar  with  interlocking,  bell,  whistle,  and 
flag  signals. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

TICE:ET  chopper.    iSee  Gateman,  elevated  and  subway.) 

TIMEKEEPER,  TRACK  AND  LINE  ^  TROT 

Description:  The  track  and  hne  timekeeper  travels  over  the  system,  visits 
each  gang  doing  track  construction  or  repair  work,  and  checks  up  the  names 
and  number  of  men  on  duty  in  each  gang.  At  the  end  of  each  day,  he  compares 
his  records  with  those  of  the  various  foremen,  before  the  time  is  entered  on 
the  distribution  and  pay  roll  sheets. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  bright  and  active,  understand  the  general  method 
of  recording  time  and  the  form  used,  and  be  quaUfied  to  undertake  a  position 
of  responsibiUty. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


21 

TOWERMAN  TROUT 

Description:  The  towerman  is  stationed  in  an  interlocking  tower  plant,  located 
either  at  a  terminal  or  at  a  switching  point  on  the  line.  He  manipulates 
the  levers  of  the  electro-pneumatic  switch  and  signal  devices,  thereby  con- 
trolUng  the  direction  and  movement  of  trains  at  the  point  where  the  tower  is 
located.  He  observes  all  approaching  and  passing  trains,  noting  whether 
they  are  complete  and  in  order,  and  whether  markers  and  tail  lights  are 
properly  displayed.  He  is  also  held  responsible  for  the  care  of  the  interlocking 
station. 
Qualifications:  In  addition  to  experience  as  trainman,  he  must  have  at  least 
one  year  of  experience  in  an  interlocking  plant  before  he  is  considered  a  safe 
and  competent  towerman.  He  must  know  accurately  and  understand 
thoroughly  all  directions  for  the  routing  of  trains,  all  rules  and  regulations 
governing  signals,  emergencies,  and  train  movements,  as  well  as  his  own 
position.  While  repairs  are  made  by  interlocking  repair  men,  he  must  be 
familiar  with  the  interlocking  system,  so  as  to  be  able  to  act  inteUigently  in 
case  of  emergency.  His  eyesight,  color  sight,  hearing,  and  judgment  of 
speed  and  distance  must  all  be  accurate. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  better. 

TRACK  WALKER  TROY 

Description :  The  track  walker  makes  a  daily  inspection  of  a  portion  of  suburban 
track  and  sees  that  the  track,  highway,  crossings,  signs,  switches,  culverts, 
bridges,  and  fences  are  in  proper  condition.  He  carries  a  few  tools  and  makes 
such  minor  repairs  as  resetting  spikes,  tightening  rail  joints,  removing  ob- 
structions, and  adjusting  switches.  He  reports  &tiy  work  that  he  cannot 
accomplish  himself  to  the  subiyban  track  foreman. 

Qualifications :  He  should  be  familiar  with  the  construction  of  frogs  and  switches, 
setting  and  tamping  ties,  and  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  signal 
devices,  especially  with  reference  to  outside  operating  levers.  He  should 
have  had  an  all-round  experience  as  a  section  hand. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

TRAIN  CLERK,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  TRUCE 

Description:  The  train  clerk  keeps  the  records  in  which  are  noted  the  time 
of  arrival  and  departure  of  trains,  the  car  numbers,  and  the-names  of  con- 
ductors and  motormen.  He  rings  the  terminal  bell  for  the  trains  to  start. 
It  is  also  his  duty  to  keep  a  record  of  the  mileage  of  the  cars  from  which  he 
can  inform  the  dispatcher  when  a  car  is  due  for  inspection,  so  that  it  may 
be  properly  retired  from  service  for  that  purpose. 
Qualifications:  He  usually  advances  from  the  rank  of  trainman,  in  which 
capacity  he  should  have  gained  thorough  experience  in  the  general  operation 
of  the  system,  particularly  of  the  terminal  system.  He  must  be  alert  and 
have  keen  eyesight;  and  he  must  be  able  to  keep  neat,  accurate  records  at 
a  rapid  rate. 
Schooling:   Common  school  or  better. 

TRAIN  DISPATCHER,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  TRUCK 

Description:  The  train  dispatcher  has  charge  of  the  yard  and  sidings  at  a 
station  or  terminal  where  trains  are  made  up,  and  of  all  transportation  em- 
ployees at  this  point.     He  is  responsible  for  the  expeditious  and  correct 


^22 

dispatch  and  movement  of  trains  within  the  limits  assigned  to  him,  and  he 
carries  out  the  orders  of  the  superintendent  and  the  train  master  in  regard 
to  the  distribution  of  cars,  and  the  making  up  and  dispatch  of  trains.  He 
sees  that  the  yard  is  kept  in  order,  that  the  cars  passing  are  properly  inspected, 
and  that  those  requiring  repairs  are  sent  to  the.  shop. 

Qualifications:  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  yard  and  car  equipment 
and  the  system  of  yard  operation;  and  he  must  have  the  executive  ability 
necessary  to  handle  the  trainmen,  switchmen,  and  others  subordinate  to  him. 
He  should  have  had  experience  as  train  clerk  or  starter. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

TRAIN  MASTER,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  TRUE 

Description:  The  train  master,  under  the  direction  of  a  superintendent,  exer- 
cises a  general  supervision  over,  and  is  directly  responsible  for,  all  employees 
connected  with  the  train  service,  either  on  a  single  division  or  on  the  whole 
line.  He  sees  that  all  orders  are  carried  out,  that  rules  and  regulations 
are  fully  understood  and  observed,  that  discipline  is  maintained,  and  that  the 
trains  are  operated  as  nearly  to  schedule  as  possible. 
Qualifications:  He  must  thoroughly  understand  and  be  experienced  in  all 
details  of  the  operation  of  the  transportation  department.  It  is  necessary 
that  he  be  especially  famiUar  with  all  rules  established  by  the  organization 
and  familiar  with  train  schedules,  the  signal  system,  and  the  emergency 
regulations  and  procedure.  He  must  be  further  quaUfied  by  executive 
experience  to  handle  a  large  group  of  men. 
Schooling:  High  school  or  better. 

TRAIN  STARTER,  ELEVATED  AND  SUBWAY  TRULY 

Description:   The  train  starter  has  charge  of  the  crewing  of  trains;  must  see 

that  conductors,  guards,  and  motormen  are  in  proper  condition  and  at  their 

posts  when  the  train  is  ready  to  start.     He  submits  to  the  train  dispatcher 

a  daily  report  of  the  absentees  and  of  those  who  fill  the  places  of  absentees. 

Qualifications:  He  is  usually  selected  from  the  ranks  of  the  trainmen  where 

he  has  gained  experience  in  terminal  operation.    He  must  be  mentally  alert 

and  qualified  to  handle  men.     He  must  be  physically  soimd  and  able  to 

endure  exposure  to  all  weather  or  to  the  atmosphere  of  the  subway. 

Schooling:   Conmaon  school  or  better. 

TROUBLE  DISPATCHER  TRUNK 

Description:  The  trouble  dispatcher  receives  trouble  calls  from  the  line.  He 
calls  out  the  emergency  or  wrecking  crew  to  clear  up  the  trouble  and  sees 
that  they  answer  promptly.  He  also  notifies  the  heads  of  departments 
to  whose  attention  the  trouble  should  come.  He  keeps  a  careful  report  of  all 
his  transactions. 
Qualifications:  It  is  necessary  that  he  be  experienced  and  famihar  with  all 
phases  of  the  operation  of  the  system.  He  must  be  able  to  decide  immediately, 
upon  the  receipt  of  the  emergency  call,  what  course  will  effect  the  most 
rapid  clearing  of  delay  and  diflficulty.  He  should  have  had  general  experience 
in  the  trouble  clearing  department.  ^ 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


23 

WHEEL  INSPECTOR  •  WHIFF 

Description:  The  wheel  inspector  examines  all  wheels  for  worn  or  high  flanges, 
worn  contours,  and  low  diameters;  he  also  scrutinizes  them  carefully  for 
cracks  and  flaws  in  the  material. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  had  thorough  experience  in  this  work;  must  be 
able  to  use  caUpers  and  gauges  and  to  compare  dimensions  with  a  drawing 
or  pattern.  Experience  alone  wUl  produce  the  knack  of  discovering  cracks 
and  flaws.  He  must  be  physically  strong  and  willing  to  work  under  adverse 
conditions.  * 

Schooling:   Common  school. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED   FOR   FAILURE  TO   RETURN 
THIS    BOOK  ON   THE   DATE  DUE.    THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY    AND    TO    $1.00    ON    THE    SEVENTH     DAY 
OVERDUE. 

APR  1  7  R?P 

rliri^    X   '     l?WO 

JAN   A    l34<: 

LD  21-95m-7,'37 

594348 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


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